Introduction

Sustainable development can be defined as non-declining per capita wealth over time [1].

Our approach to flows & stocks is motivated by WGSSD's approach in which a society's total capital base is seen to comprise five individual stocks: financial capital, produced capital, natural capital, human capital and social capital.

In all cases the motives to sustain a worksystem are related to its capability to create outcomes (value) for its owners and other stakeholders.
On the other hand, the system operations and maintenance also gives rise to costs and externalities.

[1] distinguishes policy-based indicators and capital-based indicators, and compares their origin and challenges.

Policy-based Indicators

Capital-based Indicators

Four Recurring Groups

At each socio-technical level (macro, meso, micro and pico) [2], indicators could be defined for external or internal capital flows and stocks, and for operational outcomes (life or business as usual) or change (innovation, learning).

The Balanced Scorecard has been defined from the perspective of an organisation.
It demonstrates attention to the four groups.

For each group, the generalization is briefly justified.

External

[P1]: The first generalization reflects the intensifying focus on core competences within any organization and the resulting need for more intimate processes with external relations, customers, suppliers and allies. The collaborative processes are in the external stakeholder perspective because stakeholders come and go with the interactions in which they participate.

Details: GD-external

Internal

[P2]: The joint manifestation of asset (non-human actant or object) and the processes in which it contributes to value creation also justifies to bring inter-nal assets in the same perspective as the (internal) business processes (second generalization).

Details: GD-internal

[P1 & P2]: The first and second generalization avoid the silo problem, whether for a business process, a function or a product group [3]

Change/Growth

[P3]: Where growth and learning have a strong inner focus, the terms sustainability, com-petitiveness and innovation broaden the perspective to the eco-system in which the actants are mutually dependent for their sustained well-being.

Details: GD-growth

Operational Outcomes

[P4]: The fourth generalization builds upon work on the sustainable livelihoods framework [4] which was applied to examine sustainability in fisheries management [5]. The assets include natural, financial, physical capital (P2) human (P2), social (P1). The upcoming trends of corporate social and environmental responsibility indicate the future potential of the generalized scorecard perspectives.

Details: GD-flow-stock

ANT with a Dashboard per Actor

Actor-network theory (ANT) is a methodology that highlights the networks giving rise to, and sustaining various forms of knowledge [6] . The networks consist of inter-connectivities between human and non-human actants such as documents and devices. Participants' knowledge emerges in complex and situationally specific interactions, and cycles of construction and reconstruction combining human and non-human ele-ments. ANT is an approach to structure and explain the links between society and technology. It offers explanations of how technology becomes acceptable and is adopted by groups in society. It suggests how technology is socially constructed. The primary focus is on stakeholders (actors or actants) and how they are involved in the shaping of technology. The theory emphasises the co-constitutive relationships between knowledges and the network of actants involved in their creation [7].

The generalized dashboard can be completed for the economic, social and environmental behaviour of any actant, in particular organizational actants and human actants, or their roles with respect to interactions. Within an organization, this is a structure or network of organizational units, a dashboard can be defined and completed for each unit or team.

The generalized dashboard tracks the “stock” and the “flow” of goods and services that people, businesses and agencies can use to help them meet objectives and achieve their aspirations.

Commonalities and Exchanges

The nesting of the operations will imply that stocks and flows that are external for one actor (e.g. micro or pico), may be internal for another one (for example macro and meso).

All types of capital share two fundamental distinguishing characteristics: each capital investment entails an opportunity cost (savings or consumption foregone) and each can be used by people to help them increase their well-being. The flow characteristics, how it is engaged in interactions among the economic agents, of the capital assets vary strongly. Financial Capital for instance represents obligations, and is liquidated as money for trade, and owned by legal entities. Financial capital is of special interest because it is generated by the production process itself, can be re-invested in any other type of capital and is highly mobile. The stock of financial capital can be viewed as the level of wealth a society possesses and the flow as the amount that it has available for other investments on an ongoing basis[5].